Methods and apparatus for rapid crystallization of biomolecules

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for promoting rapid formation of biomolecule crystals from a solution of biomolecules, preferably proteins, wherein the protein solution undergoes rapid concentration according to its isoelectric point in an electric field. Protein crystallization according to the methods of the present invention takes place within a period of hours or less.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for promotingrapid formation of biomolecule crystals from a solution of biomolecules,preferably proteins, wherein the protein solution undergoes rapidconcentration according to its isoelectric point in an electric field.Protein crystallization according to the methods of the presentinvention takes place within a period of hours or less.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Protein crystallization has three major applications: (1) structuralbiology and drug design, (2) bioseparations, and (3) purification.Crystal formation is a slow, and tedious process typically based onpreparation of a saturated protein solution following nucleation, atoptimal conditions. Optimal conditions for protein crystallizationinclude optimal protein concentration in the saturated solution, pH andtemperature among others whereas these conditions are determined byextensive trial and error experiments.

Conventional protein crystallization methods and methods for determiningthe conditions that facilitate protein crystallization are disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 6,596,077; U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,118; U.S. Pat. No.6,579,358; U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,933; U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,832; U.S. Pat.No. 6,268,158; U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,325; U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,559; U.S.Pat. No. 5,271,795; U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,478; U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,232 andU.S. Pat. No. 4,330,363 among others.

Crystallization of bio-molecules, specifically proteins, in gels such asSilica hydrogel, agarose and polyacrylamide, is known in the art (e.g.CrystalEx™, Hampton Research Corp.). This method is consideredadvantageous since it is devoid of considerations of buoyancy,convection and sedimentation as compared with growth from liquidsolutions. This method further regulates molecular diffusion, by theviscosity of the gel, and hence mimics in many respects the beneficialproperties of crystal growth in microgravity environment like space.Another advantage of this method is that the crystals are maintainedencapsulated in the gel at ambient temperature and in that configurationcan even be directly subjected to the X-ray diffraction. This methodbasically involves adding a protein solution at concentrations of 10-20mg/ml to a gel either prior to polymerization or followingpolymerization following storage within the gel at a controlledtemperature for days to weeks, until protein crystallization takesplace. It was shown that using this method, appropriate crystals wereobtained (Sauter et al., Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics48:146-150, 2002), however, this method is rarely employed for proteincrystal growth and is as slow as the other methods known in the art.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique is widely used for proteinseparation and purification on the basis of their characteristic netelectrical charge that varies with pH. Proteins are subjected to anelectric field in a pH gradient wherein each protein migrates to a pointwithin the gradient at which its net charge is zero, this point iscalled “the isoelectric point” or “pI”.

IEF techniques for protein separation and purification are described inWO03/008977, by the inventor of the present invention, U.S. Pat. No.6,537,432; U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,562; U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,517; U.S. Pat.No. 5,451,662; U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,548; U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,670; U.S.Pat. No. 4,495,279; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,507 among others.

There is an unmet need to overcome the obstacles encountered withcrystal growth and to provide more rapid and less exhaustive means forenabling crystallization, particularly, protein crystallization.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for rapidcrystallization of biomolecules, typically within no more than a fewhours, using isoelectric focusing for obtaining a concentrated solutionof the biomolecules followed by a fast crystallization of saidbiomolecules.

The present invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery thatconcentrating a dilute protein solution by utilizing any IEF procedure,generates a protein solution that facilitates rapid crystallization ofthe proteins within the solution.

According to one aspect, the present invention provides a method forrapid crystallization of biomolecules, comprising:

-   -   (a) providing at least one biomolecule species;    -   (b) providing at least one crystallization reactor comprising an        IEF buffer having a pH range, the pH range encompassing the pI        of the at least one biomolecule species;    -   (c) bringing said at least one biomolecule species into contact        with the at least one crystallization reactor;    -   (d) introducing an electric field at said at least one        crystallization reactor thereby generating a concentrated        solution of said at least one biomolecule species; and    -   (e) obtaining at least one crystal within said at least one        crystallization reactor.

According to another embodiment, step (c) further comprises depositingthe at least one crystallization reactor and the at least onebiomolecule species in running buffer. Preferably, step (c) furthercomprises stirring the running buffer. Advantageously, step (e) furthercomprises monitoring the formation of the biomolecule crystal.

According to yet another embodiment, the crystallization occurs within24 hours, preferably within less than 12 hours.

According to alternative embodiments, the at least one biomoleculespecies is provided in a medium selected from the group consisting of:solution, gel and suspension.

According to another alternative embodiment, the at least onebiomolecule species is immobilized onto a solid substrate.

The terms “crystallization reactor” or “reactor” as used herein refer toany medium of predetermined volume, density, and viscosity, comprisingan IEF buffer having a pH range. According to some embodiments, the IEFbuffer further comprises at least one polymer wherein the resultingcrystallization reactor having a predetermined porosity. The density,viscosity, pore size (in cases where the IEF buffer comprises a polymer)and the volume of the crystallization reactor are designed such thatdesired biomolecules can enter the reactor, and can further diffusetherein. The volume of the crystallization reactor depends on the amountof desired biomolecules that is used. Within that volume crystallizationtakes place. Preferably, the crystallization reactor according to thepresent invention is functionally stable under the influence of anelectric field.

As used herein, “IEF buffer” is used in its broadest meaning to signifya buffer comprising components, also termed hereinafter bufferingagents, that have buffering capacities around a given pH value.Alternatively, the buffer may comprise components that organize to forma pH gradient, including, but not limited to, ampholytes, ampholines,acrylamide derivatives or a combination of buffering agents. The IEFbuffer according to the present invention is typically a component of acrystallization reactor and is in the form of viscous liquid, slurry orgel. According to the present invention a biomolecule can pass throughthe IEF buffer unless the pI of the biomolecule falls within the pHrange of the IEF buffer. Preferably, the IEF buffer according to thepresent invention is functionally stable under the influence of anelectric field.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one biomoleculespecies is selected from the group consisting of: protein complexescomprising chemical entities, peptides, proteins, polypeptides, enzymes,antibodies, protein-DNA complexes, polynucleotides, DNA, RNA, antigens,antigenic epitopes and variants thereof, hormones, carbohydrates,lipids, phospholipids and biotinylated probes. According to a preferredembodiment, the biomolecule is a protein. Preferably, the biomolecule isselected from a protein, a peptide or a polypeptide.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor is provided within a capillary. According to yet anotherembodiment, the at least one crystallization reactor is linked, joined,or substantially contiguous to a solid substrate.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor comprises a polymer, the polymer comprises one or moresubstances selected from the group consisting of: linear polymers,branched polymers, polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogels, cellulose,modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linkedpolyethylene oxide and glycol polymer. According to yet anotherembodiment, the substrate used in step (b) comprises a polymer.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor further comprises a polymer, the polymer comprises at least onesubstance selected from the group consisting of: branched polymer,linear polymer, polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogel, glycol polymer,cellulose, modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol,cross-linked polyethylene oxide and glycol polymer.

According to yet another embodiment, the IEF buffer has a narrow pHrange of no more than 0.2 pH units, preferably no more than 0.1 pHunits, more preferably of no more than 0.02 pH units.

According to yet another embodiment, the temperature of the runningsolution is maintained within the range of 0-30° C.

According to yet another embodiment, the temperature of the runningsolution is maintained within the range of 0-30° C., and the electricfield intensity is maintained between 50 V/cm to 2000 V/cm.

According to yet another embodiment, step (d) is occurs in the presenceof a device capable of providing an electric field, the electric fieldbeing supplied as DC or AC.

According to certain embodiment, the device comprises a cathodeelectrode, an anode electrode and a voltage power supply. According toone embodiment, the electrodes are placed on opposite sides of thecrystallization reactor such that the electrical field passes through orinto the reactor. According to another embodiment, the electrodes arewires. According to yet another embodiment, the electrodes are parallelsets of wires or thin plates. According to yet another embodiment, theelectrodes are made of or coated with a material selected from the groupconsisting of: platinum, titanium, chromium, gold, tantalum, palladium,palladium oxide, germanium, nickel and rhodium or alloys comprisingsame. Preferably, the electrodes are made of or coated with palladium,platinum, titanium, carbon or alloys comprising same.

The device functions to direct the biomolecules into the crystallizationreactor. Thus, according to yet another embodiment, the electric fieldis selected from an alternating electric field or a direct electricfield. If the crystallization reactor is contained within a closedsystem (e.g., the electrical field cannot pass through one side of thereactor and out the opposing side of the reactor), then it isadvantageous that the device is capable of directing an electrical fieldin and out of the crystallization reactor comprising the buffer (i.e.,an alternating electrical field).

According to other embodiment, the at least one crystallization reactorcan have any desired shape and geometrical form.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor has a cylindrical form. According to some embodiments, thediameter of said at least one crystallization reactor is from about 20μm to about 10 mm. According to some other embodiments, the length ofsaid at least one crystallization reactor is from about 0.5 mm to about10 mm.

According to various embodiments, step (a) of the method of theinvention comprising: providing a plurality of crystallization reactors,each crystallization reactor comprises an IEF buffer, the IEF buffers inthe plurality of crystallization reactors are similar or different fromone another. According to a preferred embodiment, the crystallizationreactors are isolated from one another. According to a certainembodiment, step (e) comprising: obtaining at least one crystal withineach crystallization reactor. According to an alternative embodiment,step (e) comprising: obtaining a plurality of crystals within theplurality of crystallization reactors.

According to one embodiments, each IEF buffer has a narrow pH range ofno more than 0.2 pH units, preferably no more than 0.1 pH units, morepreferably of no more than 0.02 pH units. According to anotherembodiment, the pH ranges of the plurality of crystallization reactorsdo not overlap. Alternatively, the pH ranges of the plurality ofcrystallization reactors partially overlap. The term “partially overlap”as used herein is to be construed in its most general sense and refers,for example, to a plurality of pH ranges wherein the upper limit of onepH range overlaps with the lower limit of at least one other pH range.Alternatively, this term may refer to a plurality of pH ranges whereinone pH range is wider than at least one other pH range such that thewider pH range completely encompasses the one other pH range.

According to yet another embodiment, the pH step between one or more IEFbuffers is no more than 0.1 pH units, preferably, no more than 0.02 pHunits. The term “pH step” refers to the incremental difference in pHvalues between two different IEF buffers having different or partiallydifferent pH ranges. The pH step may refer to the difference between theupper limit of one pH range and the lower limit of another pH range.Alternatively, the pH step may refer to the difference between thecentral pH value of one pH range to the central pH value of another pHrange.

According to yet another embodiment the plurality of crystallizationreactors are linked, joined, or substantially contiguous to a substrate.According to an alternative embodiment, the crystallization reactors arelinked, joined, or substantially contiguous with a substrate in aspatially addressable manner. According to yet another embodiment, thesubstrate is biomolecule impermeable. According to yet anotherembodiment, the substrate is ion impermeable.

According to yet another embodiment, a substrate comprising a pluralityof crystallization reactors may be of an arrangement selected from thegroup consisting of: immobilized pH gradient, pH membranes and pre-castgels.

According to another aspect the present invention provides a method forsorting a solution comprising a plurality of biomolecules and rapidlycrystallizing at least one biomolecule species selected therefrom, themethod comprising:

-   -   (a) providing a medium comprising a plurality of biomolecules;    -   (b) sorting the plurality of biomolecules on a substrate,        thereby obtaining at least one locus on the substrate comprising        at least one biomolecule species;    -   (c) recovering a portion from said substrate, the portion        comprising the at least one locus;    -   (d) providing at least one crystallization reactor comprising an        IEF buffer having a pH range, the pH range encompassing the pI        of the at least one biomolecule species;    -   (e) bringing the portion of (c) into contact with the at least        one crystallization reactor;    -   (f) introducing an electric field at the at least one        crystallization reactor thereby generating within said at least        one crystallization reactor a concentrated solution of said at        least one biomolecule species; and    -   (g) obtaining at least one biomolecule crystal within said at        least one crystallization reactor.

According to an alternative embodiment, step (b) comprises: sorting theplurality of biomolecule on a substrate, thereby obtaining at least onelocus on the substrate the locus comprising one biomolecule species.

According to one embodiment, sorting in step (b) is by the mass of theat least one biomolecule species. According to another embodiment, step(b) is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of:isoelectric focusing, thin layer chromatography (TLC), including HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) techniques, and gelelectrophoresis. Preferably, any one of the methods is performed undernon-denaturing conditions.

According to yet another embodiment, wherein step (e) furthercomprising: depositing said portion and said at least onecrystallization reactor in running buffer. Preferably, step (e) furthercomprising: stirring the running buffer. Advantageously, step (g)further comprises monitoring and/or detecting the formation of abiomolecule crystal.

According to yet another embodiment, crystals are obtained within 24hours, preferably within 12 hours.

According to yet another embodiment, the IEF buffer of step (d) has a pHrange of no more than 0.2 pH units, preferably no more than 0.1 pHunits, more preferably of no more than 0.02 pH units.

According to yet another embodiment, the temperature of the runningsolution is maintained within the range of 0-30° C. According to yetanother embodiment, the temperature of the running solution ismaintained within the range of 0-30° C., and the electric field ismaintained between 50 V/cm to 2000 V/cm. According to yet anotherembodiment, the electric field is being supplied as DC or AC.

According to yet another embodiment, the substrate used in step (b) is agel. According to an alternative embodiment, the substrate used in step(b) comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of:polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogels, cellulose, nitrocellulose, modifiedcellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked polyethyleneoxide and glycol polymer. According to yet another embodiment, thesubstrate used in step (b) comprises a polymer wherein step (f)comprising:

-   -   introducing an electric field to the at least one        crystallization reactor thereby generating at said at least one        crystallization reactor a concentrated band of said at least one        biomolecule species;

According to yet another embodiment, the methods of the presentinvention are automated and are suitable for high-throughputcrystallization of biomolecules, preferably proteins.

The method of the present invention is advantageous over methods knownin the art for protein crystallization in that it promotes rapid proteincrystallization, typically within less than one hour. In addition, themethod of the present invention enables obtaining large crystals and isthus suitable for applications that require sufficiently large crystals,for example, collection of X-ray diffraction data of high quality.

Rapid crystallization in accordance with the methods of the presentinvention can be achieved using many of the IEF systems known in theart, such as, immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, pH membranes and anycomposition of ampholines in gel having the desired pH range, with theproviso that the IEF system meets, or is modified to meet, theprinciples of the present invention. Preferably, an IEF system accordingto the present invention comprises a plurality of distinct entities,also termed crystallization reactors, each crystallization reactor hasan IEF buffer having a pH range. Optionally, the crystallizationreactors are isolated from one another, thus establishing a system of aplurality of isolated pH ranges, optionally, narrow pH ranges. The pHranges spanned by the plurality of isolated crystallization reactors mayor may not overlap.

Another particular advantage of the method of the present invention isthat protein crystals may be obtained from a protein solution that isnot highly purified, since the method of the invention comprisesisoelectric focusing which is directed to protein separation andresolution from impurities.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatussuitable for inducing rapid formation of biomolecule crystals,preferably proteins, comprising:

-   -   (a) a buffer chamber having an upper side and a lower side, the        lower side being sealed with a bottom such that the buffer        chamber encloses at least one buffer compartment capable of        holding fluids;    -   (b) at least one crystallization reactor, the at least one        crystallization reactor comprises an IEF buffer, the at least        one crystallization reactor is contained within the buffer        chamber;    -   (c) a device for generating an electrical field; and optionally,    -   (d) means for circulating fluids contained within the buffer        compartment.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a holderhaving an upper side and a lower side, the holder encompasses the atleast one crystallization reactor or adapted for supporting a substratecomprising the at least one crystallization reactor, said at least onecrystallization reactor comprises an IEF buffer, the holder is containedwithin the buffer chamber. According to another embodiment, the holderis deployed within the at least one buffer compartment. According to acertain embodiment, the holder is a capillary comprising at least onecrystallization reactor.

According to an alternative embodiment, the apparatus further comprisestwo salt bridges having two ends, one end of each salt bridge is incontact with one end of the holder and one end of each salt bridge iscontained within the at least one buffer chamber. Preferably, theapparatus comprises two buffer chambers, each buffer chamber, such thateach buffer chamber encloses one end of one salt bridge.

According to a preferred embodiment, the apparatus further comprises atemperature-controlled module enabling to manage the temperature at theat least one crystallization reactor.

According to an alternative embodiment, the holder encompasses at leastone cavity, the at least one cavity containing a crystallization reactorcomprising an IEF buffer.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder has plurality ofcavities, such that each cavity is adapted for containing acrystallization reactor. According to some embodiments, the temperatureof one crystallization reactor is different from the temperature ofanother crystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises a materialhaving a larger resistance than that of the polymer comprised within thecrystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises anon-conductive material. The non-conductive material may be selectedfrom the group consisting of: poly-N-methyl methacrylamide, acrylic,lucite, polystyrene, ceramic, glass and poly-methyl-methacrylate.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises a materialthat is impermeable to biomolecules in order to avoid diffusion ofproteins from a crystallization reactor within one cavity to acrystallization reactor within any other cavity.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor further comprises a polymer, the polymer comprises at least onesubstance selected from the group consisting of: branched polymer,linear polymer, polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogel, glycol polymer,cellulose, modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol,cross-linked polyethylene oxide and glycol polymer.

According to yet another embodiment, the buffer chamber comprises anon-conductive material.

According to yet another embodiment, the apparatus of the presentinvention is adapted for monitoring under a microscope the formation ofcrystals within the at least one crystallization reactor.

According to another embodiment, the buffer compartment is adapted forholding a solution comprising running buffer and at least onebiomolecule dissolved within the running buffer.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides miniaturizedand automated apparatus and method for high throughput rapidmacromolecule crystallization. The apparatus of the present inventionmay be constructed to have automated interacting components, forexample, titrators for filling of cavities with pre-polymerizedcrystallization reactors comprising IEF buffers (Immobilines, ampholytesetc.), extractors for recovering protein crystals from the cavities orthe crystallization reactors, and devices for monitoring and recordingthe formation of protein crystals within the crystallization reactors.

These and further objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptionand appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of various (A-C) crystallizationsystems comprising a buffer compartment (1) enclosed within a bufferchamber (2), a holder (3), electrodes (6), a salt bridge (10) and asolid support (7), a capillary (8) or a strip (14) comprising one ormore crystallization reactors (5) and, optionally, a loading point (9).

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a crystallization apparatuscomprising a buffer compartment (1) enclosed within a buffer chamber(2), a holder (3), a plurality of cavities (4) comprisingcrystallization reactors (5) and electrodes (6).

FIG. 3 is (A) a scheme describing protein migration from a protein band(12) within a crystallization reactor (5) contained in a holder (3) and(1) are cross-sectional schemes describing the top view (left scheme)and the side view of a holder (3) comprising three crystallizationreactors.

FIG. 4 presents separation of three protein samples by IEF on commercialIPG strips (Amersham Biosciences) of pH ranges from 3 to 10.

FIG. 5 shows separation and rapid crystallization of a protein obtainedfrom the IPG strip of FIG. 1, using the method of the invention with anIEF buffer having narrow pH range of 9.5 to 9.75.

FIG. 6 exhibits a p53 crystal (A) obtained by the method of theinvention and the diffraction pattern thereof (B).

FIG. 7 demonstrates (A) an image (300 μm×150 μm) of a single myoglobinprotein crystal, about 100 μm long, obtained in a crystallizationreactor and (B) an image of hemoglobin crystal in gel. The elongatedobject at the center is the Hemoglobin crystal which is about 400 μmlong.

FIG. 8 shows images of phycocyanin crystal (A) and of alcoholdehydrogenase crystal (B) within gel.

FIG. 9 presents (A) an image of a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) crystalextracted from a gel within a cavity and (B) an image of a crystal ofAquaporin 3 in gel.

FIG. 10 presents images of a carbonic anhydrase crystal within acrystallization reactor consisting of a polymerized IEF buffer (A) andcrystals extracted from the crystallization reactor (B).

FIG. 11 presents images of the diffraction pattern (A) of a pepsin-4crystal (B).

FIG. 12 presents images of creatine kinase 1 crystals (A), beta-humangrowth factor crystals (B) and an avidin crystal (C).

FIG. 13 presents protein crystals of herceptin (A) and Ly1 lysozyme (B).

FIG. 14 exhibits diffraction patterns of a Lysozyme crystal (A) and aribonuclease-1 crystal (B).

FIG. 15 shows the diffraction patterns of a prostaglandin crystal (A)and of a crystallization reactor consisting of a polymerized IEF bufferdevoid of protein crystals (B).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and apparatus for inducing arapid generation of protein crystals from a protein solution. The methodof the present invention comprises isoelectric focusing and therebyformation of a concentrated protein solution or band which facilitates arapid protein crystallization, typically within a period of no more than15 hours.

All current methods used to grow protein crystals rely on tedious ‘trialand error’ experiments and searches for the optimal conditions that willresult in the formation of a crystal. A review of the various factorsaffecting the crystallization of proteins has been published byMcPherson, Methods Enzymol., 114, pp. 112-20 (1985). McPherson andGilliland, J. Crystal Growth, 90, pp. 51-59 (1988) compiled lists ofproteins and nucleic acids that have been crystallized, as well as theconditions under which they were crystallized. A compendium of crystalsand crystallization recipes, as well as a repository of coordinates ofsolved protein and nucleic acid structures, is maintained by the ProteinData Bank at the Brookhaven National Laboratory [http//www.pdb.bnl.gov;Bernstein et al., J. Mol. Biol., 112, pp. 535-42 (1977)]. Thesereferences can be used to determine the conditions necessary forcrystallization of a protein, as a prelude to the formation ofappropriate protein crystals and can guide the crystallization strategyfor other proteins. Alternatively, an intelligent trial and error searchstrategy can, in most instances, produce suitable crystallizationconditions for many proteins, provided that an acceptable level ofpurity can be achieved for them [see, e.g., C. W. Carter, Jr. and C. W.Carter, J. Biol. Chem., 254, pp. 12219-23 (1979)].

In general, crystals are produced by combining the protein to becrystallized with an appropriate aqueous solvent or aqueous solventcontaining appropriate crystallization agents, such as salts or organicsolvents. The solvent is combined with the protein and may be subjectedto agitation at a temperature determined experimentally to beappropriate for the induction of crystallization and acceptable for themaintenance of protein activity and stability. The solvent canoptionally include co-solutes, such as divalent cations, co-factors orchaotropes, as well as buffer species to control pH. The need forco-solutes and their concentrations are determined experimentally tofacilitate crystallization.

In an industrial-scale process, the controlled precipitation leading tocrystallization can best be carried out by the simple combination ofprotein, precipitant, co-solutes and, optionally, buffers in a batchprocess. As another option, proteins may be crystallized by usingprotein precipitates as the starting material. In this case, proteinprecipitates are added to a crystallization solution and incubated untilcrystals form. Alternative laboratory crystallization methods, such asdialysis or vapor diffusion, can also be adopted. McPherson, ibid andGilliland, ibid, include a comprehensive list of suitable conditions intheir reviews of the crystallization literature.

Any protein having a defined isoelectric point may be used to prepareprotein crystals according to the teaching of the present invention. Itshould be noted, however, that the conditions for crystallization, suchas the content, density, viscosity, and other features of the IEF bufferas well as the temperature at the crystallization reactor among othersetting parameters, can be optimized to yield the desired quality ofcrystals. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those of skill in theart that some degree of adjustment of these feature and conditions maybe necessary to provide crystals using the methods and apparatus of thepresent invention.

The terms a “protein crystal” or “crystal” are interchangeably usedherein to describe protein molecules arranged in a crystal lattice.Protein crystals contain a pattern of specific protein-proteinconnections that are repeated periodically in three dimensions. Theprotein crystals of this invention do not include amorphous solid formsor precipitates of proteins, such as those obtained by lyophilizing aprotein solution. Crystals display characteristic features including alattice structure, characteristic shapes and optical properties such asrefractive index and birefringence. A crystal consists of atoms arrangedin a pattern that repeats periodically in three dimensions. In contrast,amorphous material is a non-crystalline solid form of matter, sometimesreferred to as an amorphous precipitate. Such precipitates have nomolecular lattice structure characteristic of the crystalline solidstate and do not display birefringence or other spectroscopiccharacteristics typical of the crystalline forms of matter.

The terms “concentrated protein solution” or “concentrated solution” areinterchangeably used herein to describe a medium comprising at least oneprotein wherein the concentration of the protein ranges from saturation,or even super saturation, to a concentration that is equivalent to about50% saturation. If the IEF buffer is polymerized than the protein formsa band upon concentrating, accordingly the terms of “concentratedprotein band” or “concentrated band” are used.

Typically, protein crystallization according to the present inventionmay be initiated with a protein solution, in a running buffer, theprotein solution comprising at least one protein having a knownisoelectric point (pI). The protein solution may be a dilute solution.Upon introduction of an electric field to the protein solution, theprotein is driven into a crystallization reactor comprising IEF bufferhaving a pH range that overlaps with the pI of the protein. Thus, eachprotein molecule when driven into the volume of said reactor looses itscharge and ceases moving in the electric field, resulting in aconcentrated solution or band of uncharged proteins in thecrystallization reactor. The process of electrophoretical accumulationand concentration of the protein, from the initially diluted solution,is very fast and efficient and typically occurs within a time span inthe order of minutes, or even tens of minutes. The accumulating proteinmolecules spread out within the crystallization reactor by diffusionresulting in rapid crystal nucleation and growth therein.

An “isoelectric focusing” or “IEF” is a common separation techniquesbased on the net charge of the molecules, typically proteins, that areexposed to the IEF process. The net charge of a protein is determinedfrom its amino acid content. Of the 20 amino acids found in typicalproteins, four (aspartic and glutamic acids, cysteine and tyrosine)carry a negative charge and three (lysine, arginine and histidine) apositive charge, in some pH range. A specific protein, defined by itsspecific sequence of amino acids, is thus likely to incorporate a numberof charged groups along its length. The magnitude of the chargecontributed by each amino acid is governed by the prevailing pH of thesurrounding solution, and can vary from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 1charge (positive or negative depending on the amino acid), according toa titration curve relating charge and pH according to the pK of theamino acid in question. Under denaturing conditions in which all of theamino acids are exposed, the total charge of the protein molecule isgiven approximately by the sum of the charges of its component aminoacids, all at the prevailing solution pH.

IEF is a widely used electrophoresis method to separate proteins bytheir isoelectric point. IEF involves migration of charged proteinsthrough a pH gradient established by a desired IEF buffer, typicallywithin a gel, wherein protein migration is derived from or induced by anelectric field. A protein with specific pI lose its charge, and thusstop migrating within the gel, upon reaching a location in the pHgradient gel having a pH that is equal to the protein's pI. At thislocation the protein accumulates. The advantage of IEF is the capabilityto resolve a plurality of proteins, each having a specific pI, intodiscrete bands directly from the protein mixture in solution. The finaloutcome of the classic IEF method is a plurality of pH bands, each pHband is loaded with a specific protein having a unique pI. Two proteinshaving different ratios of charged amino acids can be separated byvirtue of their different net charges at some pH. Under the influence ofan applied electric field, a more highly charged protein will movefaster than a less highly charged protein of similar size and shape. Ifthe proteins are made to move from a sample zone through anon-connecting medium (typically a gel such as polyacrylamide), anelectrophoretic separation will result. If, in the course of migratingunder an applied electric field, a protein enters a region whose pH hasthat value at which the protein's net charge is zero (the isoelectricpH), it will cease to migrate relative to the medium. Further, if themigration occurs through a monotonic pH gradient, the protein will“focus” at this isoelectric pH value. If it moves toward more acidic pHvalues, the protein will become more positively charged, and aproperly-oriented electric field will propel the protein back towardsthe isoelectric point. Likewise, if the protein moves towards more basicpH values, it will become more negatively charged, and the same fieldwill push it back toward the isoelectric point. This separation process,called isoelectric focusing, can resolve two proteins differing by lessthan a single charged amino acid among hundreds in the respectivesequences.

A key requirement for an isoelectric focusing procedure is the formationof an appropriate spatial pH gradient. This can be achieved eitherdynamically, by including a heterogeneous mixture of charged molecules(ampholytes) into an initially homogeneous separation medium, orstatically, by incorporating a spatial gradient of titrating groups intothe gel matrix through which the migration will occur. The formerrepresents classical ampholyte-based isoelectric focusing, and thelatter the more recently developed immobilized pH gradient (IPG)isoelectric focusing technique. The IPG approach has the advantage thatthe pH gradient is fixed in the gel, while the ampholyte-based approachis susceptible to positional drift as the ampholyte molecules move inthe applied electric field. The best current methodology combines thetwo approaches to provide a system where the pH gradient is spatiallyfixed but small amounts of ampholytes are present to decrease theadsorption of proteins onto the charged gel matrix of the IPG.

The compositional gradient required to form the desired pH gradient IPGgel is comnmonly produced from heavy gel monomer composition formulatedto yield a basic pH, light gel monomer composition formulated to yieldan acidic pH, a polymerization initiator such as ammonium persulfate,and a polymerization catalyst such as tetramethylethylenediamine(TEMED). Glycerol and deuterium oxide (heavy water) may be used toincrease the density of the solutions, thus helping to stabilize thegradient formed in the mold through the interaction of the resultingdensity gradient and the earth's gravity. Several references describeautomated devices for creating gradients of polymerizable monomers. Suchsystems have been used for making porosity gradient gels used inmolecular weight separations of proteins. Altland et al. (Clin. Chem.30(12 Pt 1):2098-2103, 1984) shows the use of such systems for creatingthe gradients of titratable monomers used in the creation of IPG gels.U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,036 describes a system for loading slab-gel holdersfor electrophoresis separation. discloses an automated apparatus forproducing gradient gels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,064;6,554,991 among others.

Rapid crystallization according to the present invention requiresappropriate physical conditions to allow the working of the invention.Several factors within the method and apparatus of the present inventionaffect the kinetics of crystallization.

First, to ensure that the desired protein access the appropriatecrystallization reactor, it is advantageous to speed up the kinetics ofthe molecules within the running buffer in order to increase theprobability of any molecule to encounter with the crystallizationreactor.

Advantageously, the movement of the proteins within the running bufferis increased as a result of the convection heat generated by theelectrical field that is introduced according to the method of thepresent invention. It is contemplated that this enhanced kinetics of theproteins increases the probability that any protein will encounter andmoreover will become trapped within a crystallization reactor that isimmersed within the running buffer.

According to one embodiment, the velocity of the proteins within therunning buffer is accelerated by a device that circulates the runningbuffer. Circulation can be typically achieved using a stir bars, pumps,vibrators, e.g., piezo vibrator, agitators, tilting devices or anyagitation device and techniques known in the art. In another embodiment,the device for circulation can be a mechanism for moving the IEF bufferor crystallization reactors relative to the running buffer. For example,the IEF buffer or crystallization reactors can be rotated in the runningbuffer.

Alternatively, the methods of the invention are devoid of such acirculating device. In another embodiment of this invention, thecirculation is solely provided by the convection currents naturallygenerated during the isoelectric focusing.

According to another embodiment, the amount of convection energy that issufficient to circulate the biomolecule is 10⁻¹⁰ joules per 1 cm³ ofrunning buffer.

According to yet another embodiment, the method of the present inventioncomprises utilizing a rapid IEF procedure according to the principlesdisclosed in W003/008977.

Second, to ensure that the desired protein accessing the appropriatecrystallization reactor encounters said reactor, forms a concentratedprotein solution or a concentrated protein band. Typically, theconcentrated protein solution/band is generated within thecrystallization reactor at the vicinity of the interface between thecrystallization reactor and the external environment, the proteins thenenter and diffuse within the crystallization reactor and consequentlyform protein crystals.

The viscosity and volume of the crystallization reactor are designedsuch that desired proteins can enter the reactor, diffuse therein andcan further crystallize within the reactor. In cases where the IEFbuffer within the crystallization reactor is in the form of a gel, thenthe porosity of the gel is further customized to obtain the desiredcrystal. Typical diffusion constants for proteins in gels are such thatthe diffusion time to spread the protein distribution to distances ofthe order of 0.1 mm is around 1000 sec (˜20 min). Therefore thepredicted time for crystal growth of crystals with comparable dimensionsis of this order of magnitude.

Another important parameter, which influences crystallizationefficiency, is the pH at the crystallization reactor. Shifting the pHvalue of the crystallization reactor slightly above or below the pIvalue of the biomolecule will cause the biomolecule to remain with amarginal charge after entering the reactor and thus with an additionalmode of motion which the crystallization reactor.

Furthermore, the texture of the crystallization reactor has to besuitable for either isolation of the crystals for further applicationsor/and for collection of X-ray diffraction data of a crystal within acrystallization reactor.

Immobilized liquid membranes may be used in the construction ofcrystallization reactors. Particularly, immobilized liquid membranes maybe used as an external envelope to the crystallization reactors of theinvention, providing the reactors with boundaries of a selectivepermeability to desired biomolecules. Immobilized liquid membranes aretypically confined within a microporous solid. One of the most widelyused and simplest process of preparing porous membranes is the Gelgard™process, in which the semicrystalline films or fibers are extruded fromthe melt. Porosity is induced by stretching solid-state polymer, likepolypropylene. Pore sizes up to 0.04 μm are available as well as hollowfibers with 100-1500 μm ID and 25 μm wall thickness which are used forexample, in blood oxygenators. Such immobilized liquid membranes aregenerally compatible with ethyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and isopropylalcohol. Another example of a widely used porous membrane is Gore-Tex™,a microporous poly (tetrafuoroethylene), which is also manufactured bystretching process, is chemically inert and is a hydrophobic syntheticpolymeric membranes.

The dimensions of the crystallization reactor depend on the amount ofdesired proteins that is used and on the type of system and/or apparatusused. The volume of the crystallization reactor may be also designed to(1) facilitate the formation of a concentrated biomolecule solution/bandwithin the reactor, typically at the vicinity of the interface betweenthe reactor and the external environment; and (2) enable diffusion ofthe biomolecule therein and thereby enable crystallization of saidbiomolecules.

Third, the method of the present invention requires that there is onlyone protein species per crystallization reactor since the presence ofirrelevant proteins or other impurities interferes with the desiredcrystallization process. To ensure that only one protein species entersa crystallization reactor, the pH range spanned in the crystallizationreactor by the IEF buffer encompasses the pI of the one protein species.However, the methods of the present invention facilitate crystallizationof any desired protein species even if said species is not purified. Inthe event that a non-purified protein solution is provided, it isrequired that at least one crystallization reactor would comprise an IEFbuffer encompassing the pI of the desired protein species, wherein thepH range spanned in the crystallization reactor by the IEF buffer issufficiently narrow, preferably ultra-narrow, thus avoidingcrystallization of impurities.

Thus, according to a certain embodiment, the IEF buffer within eachcrystallization reactor has an extremely narrow pH range, e.g. 5.50-5.60(0. 1 pH unit or less difference) or ultra narrow pH range, e.g.,5.52-5.54 (0.02 pH unit difference or less). This is possible because anIEF buffer according to the invention can be one buffering agent thathas been adjusted to a certain pH value. In this case, the pH range ofthe IEF buffer is equivalent to the buffering capacity of the bufferingagent around the pH value to which the buffering agent had beenadjusted. An example of an IEF buffer that may be used in accordancewith the present invention is Tris Glycine (pH 8.20+/−0.05, Biorad,catalog number 161-0771).

The term “pH range” refers to the highest and to the lowest pH values inan IEF buffer (e.g., pH 7.9-pH 8.9), or the difference between thehighest and lowest pH values in an IEF buffer (e.g., 1.0 pH units).

According to yet another embodiment, the pH ranges of the plurality ofcrystallization reactors do not overlap. According yet anotherembodiment, the pH step between one or more IEF buffers is no more than0.1 pH units, preferably, no more than 0.02 pH units.

The terms “step” or “pH step” are interchangeable as used herein todescribe the incremental difference in pH values between two differentIEF buffers having different or partially different pH ranges. Forexample, if the pH step between crystallization reactor #1 andcrystallization reactor #2 is 0.1 pH unit, than crystallization reactor#1 can have a pH gradient starting at pH 6.8 and ending at pH 7.8 andcrystallization reactor #2 can have a pH gradient starting at pH 7.9 andending at pH 8.9 (i.e., the difference between the lower limit ofcrystallization reactor #1, pH 7.9, and the upper limit ofcrystallization reactor #2, pH 7.8, corresponds to a step of 0.1 pHunit).

According to several embodiment, the pH steps between more than twocrystallization reactors do not have to be uniform.

According to yet another embodiment, the intervals within acrystallization reactor do not have to be uniform. The term “interval”refers to the incremental difference between the pH values within the pHgradient created by the IEF buffer. For example, within acrystallization reactor, the intervals can be as small as 0.02 pH unitsthrough the full pH range in that reactor (e.g., pH 6.8, pH 6.82, pH6.84, pH 6.86 and so on).

According to some embodiments, the intervals within a crystallizationreactor do not have to be uniform.

According to one embodiment, the pH range of an IEF buffer in acrystallization reactor is relatively wide, e.g. more than one pH unit,alternatively more than two pH units. According to another embodiment,the pH range of an IEF buffer in a crystallization reactor is narrow,e.g., about one pH unit or less. According to yet another embodiment,the pH range of an IEF buffer in a crystallization reactor is ultranarrow, e.g. about 0.2 of a pH unit or less, alternatively about 0.02 ofa pH unit or less.

According to one embodiment, the pH interval of an IEF buffer is 0.1 pHunit or less. According to another embodiment, the pH interval of an IEFbuffer is 0.02 unit or less.

According to one embodiment of this invention, the pH steps between twoor more IEF buffers are 0.01 units or less. According to anotherembodiment of this invention, the pH steps between two or more IEFbuffers are 0.02 units or less.

According to one embodiment the present invention provides a method forrapid crystallization of biomolecules, comprising:

-   -   (a) providing at least one biomolecule species;    -   (b) providing at least one crystallization reactor comprising an        IEF buffer having a pH range, the pH range comprises a pH        corresponding to the pI of the at least one biomolecule species;    -   (c) contacting said at least one biomolecule species and said at        least one crystallization reactor;    -   (d) introducing an electric field to the running buffer thereby        generating within said at least one crystallization reactor a        concentrated solution of said at least one biomolecule species;        and    -   (e) allowing said at least one biomolecule species in the        concentrated solution to crystallize within the at least one        crystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, step (c) further comprisesdepositing the at least one biomolecule species and said at least onecrystallization reactor in running buffer. According to yet anotherembodiment, step (c) further comprises stirring the running buffer.Advantageously, step (e) further comprises monitoring and/or detectingthe formation of a biomolecule crystal.

Contacting the at least one biomolecule species and the at least onecrystallization reactor according to step (c) of the method of theinvention may be achieved in various ways. For example, in the eventthat the biomolecule is provided in a solution, contacting of thebiomolecule solution and the at least one crystallization reactor may beachieved by applying one drop or more of the solution onto thecrystallization reactor. The biomolecule solution may be applied onto amembrane, a matrix or any other absorbing substance which is laid over,put down or positioned onto a crystallization reactor in order to obtaina contact between the biomolecule and the crystallization reactor. Ifthe biomolecule is provided in a gel segment, the gel segment is allowedto get in contact with at least one crystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, step (c) of the method of theinvention may further comprise deposition of the substantially connectedbiomolecule and at least one crystallization reactor within a solutionof running buffer.

The term “biomolecule” as used herein refers to any compound, eitherman-made or natural, that has an observable effect on a cell, a cellcomponent or an organism. This term applies to proteins, proteincomplexes comprising chemical entities, protein-DNA complexes, DNA, RNA,enzymes, peptides, polypeptides, antibodies, antigens, antigenicepitopes and variants thereof, polynucleotides, hormones, carbohydrates,lipids, phospholipids and biotinylated probes. The term “biomolecule” isoften exemplified with the preferred embodiment of a “protein”.

The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. Theseterms also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acidresidues is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturallyoccurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acidpolymers. An amino acid polymer in which one or more amino acid residuesis an “unnatural” amino acid, not corresponding to any naturallyoccurring amino acid, is also encompassed by the use of the terms“protein”, “peptide” and “polypeptide” herein.

“Nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refer to a nucleotide sequencecomprising a series of nucleic acids in a 5′ to 3′ phosphate diesterlinkage that may be either an RNA or a DNA sequence. If the nucleic acidis DNA, the nucleotide sequence is either single or double stranded. Anucleic acid encoding the protein of the invention is RNA or DNA thatencodes a protein capable of binding cellulose with high affinity, iscomplementary to nucleic acid sequence encoding such protein, orhybridizes to nucleic acid sequence encoding such protein and remainsstably bound to it under stringent conditions.

Any form of protein may be crystallized according to the method of thisinvention. The proteins may be glycoproteins, phosphoproteins,sulphoproteins, iodoproteins, methylated proteins, unmodified proteinsor contain other modifications. Such proteins may be, for example,therapeutic proteins, prophylactic proteins, including antibodies,cleaning agent proteins, including detergent proteins, personal careproteins, including cosmetic proteins, veterinary proteins, foodproteins, feed proteins, diagnostic proteins and decontaminationproteins. Included among such proteins are enzymes, such as, forexample, lysozymes, dehydrogenase, hydrolases, isomerases, lyases,ligases, adenylate cyclases, transferases and oxidoreductases. Examplesof hydrolases include elastase, esterase, lipase, nitrilase, amylase,pectinase, hydantoinase, asparaginase, urease, subtilisin, thermolysinand other proteases and lysozyme. Examples of lyases include aldolasesand hydroxynitrile lyase. Examples of oxidoreductases includeperoxidase, laccase, glucose oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamatedehydrogenase and other dehydrogenases. Other enzymes include cellulasesand oxidases.

Examples of therapeutic or prophylactic proteins include hormones suchas insulin, glucogon-like peptide 1 and parathyroid hormone, antibodies,inhibitors, growth factors, postridical hormones, nerve growth hormones,blood clotting factors, adhesion molecules, bone morphogenic proteinsand lectins trophic factors, cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-2, IL-4, α-IFN,β-IFN, γ-IFN, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, lymphotoxin, IL-5, Migration inhibitionfactor, GMCSF, IL-7, IL-3, monocyte-macrophage colony stimulatingfactors, granulocyte colony stimulating factors, multidrug resistanceproteins, other lymphokines, toxoids, erythropoietin, Factor VIII,amylin, TPA, dornase-α, α-1-antitripsin, human growth hormones, nervegrowth hormones, bone morphogenic proteins, urease, toxoids, fertilityhormones, FSH and LSH.

Therapeutic proteins, such as the following, are also included:leukocyte markers, such as CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8, CD11a,CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD18, CD19, CE20, CD22, CD23, CD27 and itsligand, CD28 and its ligands B7.1, B7.2, B7.3, CD29 and its ligands,CD30 and its ligand, CD40 and its ligand gp39, CD44, CD45 and isoforms,Cdw52 (Campath antigen), CD56, CD58, CD69, CD72, CTLA4, LFA-1 and TCRhistocompatibility antigens, such as MHC class I or II antigens, theLewis Y antigens, SLex, SLey, SLea and SLeb; integrins, such as VLA-1,VLA-2, VLA-3, VLA-4, VLA-5, VLA-6 and LFA-1; adhesion molecules, such asMac-1 and p150,95; selectins, such as L-selectin, P-selectin andE-selectin and their counter receptors VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and LFA-3;interleukins, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8,IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14 and IL-15; interleukin receptors, suchas IL-1R, IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-7R, IL-8R, IL-10R, IL-11R,IL-12R, IL-13R, IL-14R and IL-15R; chemokines, such as PF4, RANTES,MIP1α, MCP1, NAP-2, Gro α, Gro β, and IL-8; growth factors, such as TNFα, TGFβ, TSH, VEGF/VPF, PTHrP, EGF family, EGF, PDGF family, endothelinand gastrin releasing peptide (GRP); growth factor receptors, such asTNFalphaR, RGFbetaR, TSHR, VEGFR/VPFR, FGFR, EGFR, PTHrPR, PDGFR family,EPO-R; GCSF-R and other hematopoietic receptors; interferon receptors,such as IFN αR, IFNβR and IFNγR; immnunoglobulins and their receptors,such as IgE, FceRI and FceRII; blood factors, such as complement C3b,complement C5a, complement C5b-9, Rh factor, fibrinogen, fibrin andmyelin associated growth inhibitor.

The proteins that are crystallized according to the method of thisinvention may be any natural, synthetic or recombinant protein antigenincluding, for example, tetanus toxoid, diptheria toxoid, viral surfaceproteins, such as CMV glycoproteins B, H and gCIII, HIV-1 envelopeglycoproteins, RSV envelope glycoproteins, HSV envelope glycoproteins,EBV envelope glycoproteins, VZV envelope glycoproteins, HPV envelopeglycoproteins, Influenza virus glycoproteins, Hepatitis family surfaceantigens; viral structural proteins, viral enzymes, parasite proteins,parasite glycoproteins, parasite enzymes and bacterial proteins. Alsoincluded are tumor antigens, such as her2-neu, mucin, CEA andendosialin. Allergens, such as house dust mite antigen, lol p1 (grass)antigens and urushiol are included. Toxins, such as pseudomonasendotoxin and osteopontin/uropontin, snake venom and bee venom areincluded. Also included are glycoprotein tumor-associated antigens, forexample, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human mucins, her-2/neu andprostate-specific antigen (PSA; Henderson et al., Advances inImmunology, 62, pp. 217-56, 1996).

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor comprises a polymer, the polymer comprises one or moresubstances selected from the group consisting of: linear polymers,branched polymers, polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogels, cellulose,modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linkedpolyethylene oxide and glycol polymer. The crystallization reactors maycomprise various monomers other than, or in addition to, theconventional acrylamidelbis-acrylamide solution or agarose solutions. Itis known in conventional chemically polymerized gels to usehydroxyethylmethacrylate and other low-molecular weight acrylate-typecompounds as monomers; these have been commercialized as “Lone-Ranger”gels. Use of polymers substituted with one or more acrylate-type groupshas also been described in the literature (Zewert and Harrington,Electrophoresis 13: 824-831, 1992), as especially suitable forseparations in mixed solvents of water with miscible organic solvents,such as alcohol or acetone. Gel forming monomers can also be anysubstantially water-soluble molecule containing a photo-polymerizablereactive group, in combination with a material which can formcross-links, provided that the combination, once polymerized, forms agel suitable for the particular type of electrophoresis.

Exemplary materials that may be added to the IEF buffer includeacrylamide, in combination with methylene-bis-acrylamide or other knowncrosslinkers;hydroyethylmethacrylate and other low-molecular weight(less than about 300 daltons) derivatives of acrylic acid, methacrylicacid, and alkyl-substituted derivatives thereof, such as crotonic acid;vinyl pyrrolidone and other low-molecular weight vinyl and allylcompounds; vinylic, allylic, acrylic and methacrylic derivatives ofnion-ionic polymers, including such derivatives of agarose (“Acrylaide”crosslinlcer, FMC Corp.), dextran, and other polysaccharides andderivatives, such as cellulose derivatives including hydroxyethylcellulose; polyvinyl alcohol; monomeric, oligomeric and polymericderivatives of glycols, including polymers of ethylene oxide, propyleneoxide, butylen oxide, and copolymers thereof, acryl, vinyl or allylderivatives of other water-compatible polymers, such as polyHEMA(polyhydroxyethyl acrylic acid), polymeric N-isopropyl acrylarnide(which is temperature-sensitive), maleic-acid polymers and copolymers,partially hydrolyzed EVAC (polymer of ethylene with vinyl acetate),ethyleneimine, polyaminoacids, polynucleotides, and copolymers of thesubunits of these with each other and with more hydrophobic compoundssuch as pyridine, pyrrolidone, oxazolidine, styrene, and hydroxyacids.The polymerizable materials need not be entirely water-soluble,especially when solvents or surfactants are included in the gel formingsolution.

Additionally or alternatively the IEF buffer may comprise derivatives ofcommon polymers which may be prepared by methods known in the art. Forexample, addition of allyl glycidyl ether to hydroxyl groups is known,as is esterification of hydroxyls with acids, anhydrides or acylchlorides, such as acrylic anhydride. Arnines are readily derivatizedwith acyl anhydrides or chlorides.

Candidate non-acrylamide monomers can include, e.g., allyl alcohol, HEMA(hydroxyethyl [methyl] acrylate), polyethylene glycol monoacrylate,polyethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol monoacrylate, ethyleneglycol diacrylate, vinylcaprolactam, vinylpyrrolidone, allylglycidyldextran, allylglycidyl derivatives of polyvinylalcohol and of celluloseand derivatives, vinyl acetate, and other molecules containing one ormore acryl, vinyl or allyl groups.

According to one embodiment, the crystallization reactor comprises apolymerized IEF buffer having dimensions, such as a diameter of about 20μm to about 5 mm; and a length of about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm.Preferably, a crystallization reactor comprising a polymerized buffermaintains its structure when immersed in a buffer solution within abuffer compartment and particularly maintains its structure when thebuffer solution is subjected to the influence of an electric field.

In the event that the crystallization reactor comprises a polymerizedIEF buffer, during IEF procedure a concentrated band of biomoleculespecies is formed at the vicinity of the interface between thecrystallization reactor and the external environment, if the isoelectricpoint (pI) of the biomolecule species falls within the pH range spannedby the IEF buffer. The biomolecule species within the band then diffusewithin the crystallization reactor and, unexpectedly, rapid crystalgrowth is initiated.

As detailed above, the polymer of the crystallization reactor may be anywell known and typical gel-forming material known to be suitable forelectrophoresis purposes. Such materials include gel-forming polymerswhich are sufficiently chemically reactive to enable the introduction ofionisable radicals i.e. acid groups such as carboxylic, sulphonic,phosphonic groups and nitrogenous basic groups such as amino groups.Typical suitable materials are hydroxylic polymers including cellulose,modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol and cross-linkedpolyethylene oxide. Cross-linked polyacrylamide gels suitably chemicallymodified, agar or agarose gels may also be used. Crystallizationreactors comprising a polymerized IEF buffer may be generally preparedby providing a buffer that is polymerized by the addition of a polymer,using polymers and methods as known in the art of electrophoresis. Seee.g., Sambrook, et al. (1989) Electrophoresis buffers in MolecularCloning (Nolan, C. ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, pp.B.23-24.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor is joined to a solid substrate. Conveniently, thecrystallization reactors may be supported on a substrate, for example,porous carrier substrates such as filter-paper, cotton or linen cloth,or other suitable web materials to provide adequate strength.Additionally, some cross-linking of the agar or agarose gels isadvisable to withstand the influence of an electric field.

According to yet another embodiment, the at least one crystallizationreactor is provided within a capillary. Normally, a crystal forcollection of diffraction patterns by X-ray crystallography is carefullyseparated from its crystallization medium and inserted into a capillarytube. The tube is sealed from the air using dental wax or siliconegrease, along with a small amount of crystallization medium inside tomaintain hydration (McPherson et al., Krieger Publishing, Malabar, p.214, 1989). Applying the method of the present invention by usingcrystallization reactors in a capillary, does not

According to yet another embodiment, the method of the inventioncomprises providing a plurality of crystallization reactors. Accordingto yet another embodiment, the plurality of crystallization reactors arelinked, joined, or substantially contiguous to a solid substrate in aspatially addressable manner. According to yet another embodiment, themethod of the invention comprises obtaining a plurality of crystals,wherein the plurality of crystals may be formed at the samecrystallization reactor or at different crystallization reactorscomprised within one apparatus. A plurality of crystals at differentcrystallization reactors comprised within one apparatus may be formedsubstantially at the same time and/or substantially under the samecrystallization setup. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the inventionare suitable for high throughput crystallization of various biomoleculesat the same time and/or under similar conditions and/or setups.

A “solid substrate” or “holder” or “matrix” are interchangeably usedherein with reference to an inert supporting element which comprises atleast one crystallization reactor. This element may be a strip, amembrane, a chip, a sheet or any other supporting configuration whichcomprises the at least one crystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises a materialhaving a larger resistance than that of the polymer comprised within thecrystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises anon-conductive material. The non-conductive material may be selectedfrom the group consisting of: poly-N-methyl methacrylamide, acrylic,lucite, polystyrene.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises a materialthat is impermeable to biomolecules in order to avoid diffusion ofproteins from a crystallization reactor within one cavity to acrystallization reactor within any other cavity.

A holder according to this invention is a solid material or a semi-solidmaterial, e.g., a ceramic, a glass, polystyrene, poly (methylmethacrylate) such as lucite, or a gel, that may comprises one or aplurality of crystallization reactors or may comprises one or aplurality of cavities adapted for comprising crystallization reactors.According to one embodiment, the material forming the holder is poorlyconductive. According to another embodiment, the holder is, in part orin whole, made of a material that is biomolecule impermeable and ionimpermeable. A crystallization reactor can be set on the surface of theholder e.g., as a gel or as a gel linked, joined, or substantiallycontiguous to a substrate, or can be set in a groove etched in theholder or can extend through the holder as long as the crystallizationreactor can contact the running buffer. The holder can be movable orimmobilized within the buffer chamber of the apparatus of the invention.

According to one embodiment of the invention, if the crystallizationreactor extends through the matrix, then, one side of thecrystallization reactor is in contact with the running buffer, that sideis preferably covered with a layer made of a biomolecule-impermeablematerial.

The holder comprising a plurality of cavities wherein each cavityessentially containing a crystallization reactor, can be made, forexample, by drilling hole(s) or channel(s) through one side of theholder out through to the opposing side of the holder, filling thechannel with a polymer, such as agarose or polyacrylamide gel, mixedwith an IEF buffer that solidifies into a gel having a predetermined pHrange. The grooves in the holder may not extend through the opposingside of the holder. The grooves can be made on any side of the holder.According to one embodiment, the grooves are on one side of the holder.

According to yet another embodiment, the method of the inventioncomprises providing a plurality of crystallization reactors comprisingsimilar or different IEF buffers. According to yet another embodiment,the pH ranges of the plurality of crystallization reactors do notoverlap.

According to yet another embodiment, a solid substrate comprising aplurality of crystallization reactors is selected from the groupconsisting of: immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, such as ProteomIQ™IPG strips (Proteome systems), Servalyt Precotes™ gel (Invitrogen,Inc.), pH membranes and commercial pre-cast gels (e.g. Invitrogen, Inc.,Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Stratagene, Amnresco Inc., Bio-RadLaboratories and others) with the proviso that the arrangement ofplurality of crystallization reactors meets, or is modified to meet, theprinciples of the present invention. Preferably, according to thepresent invention a plurality of crystallization reactors forms anon-continuous array of reactors, each reactor comprises an IEF bufferhaving a pH range wherein the pH range spanned by each IEF buffer may,or man not, overlap with the pH range of another IEF buffer in thenon-continuous array.

According to some embodiments, the method of the invention provides aplurality of crystallization reactors comprising polymerized IEF buffer.The plurality of crystallization reactors may be identical, or eachcrystallization reactor may comprise a different gel (polymer).Optionally, the plurality of crystallization reactors comprises the samepolymer at different concentrations resulting in a plurality ofcrystallization reactors exhibiting different permeabilities (e.g.different pore sizes), texture and viscosities among others.

Commercial IPG strips may be used for the working of the presentinvention providing that each IPG strip comprises a plurality ofisolated pH bands, each pH band comprises a pH range. However thedisadvantage of commercial IPG strips is that the volume and shape ofeach distinct pH band is not generally suitable for the formation ofcrystal, particularly since diffusion of biomolecules is limited withinthe bands. Thus, custom-made IPG strips are particularly suitable forobtaining crystals according to the principles of the present invention.The design of the custom-made strips is optimized to facilitateconcentration, diffusion and crystallization of biomolecules therein.

The custom-made IPG strips are typically prepared in accordance withcurrent practice for the preparation of thin planar IPG gelconfiguration bonded to an inert substrate, typically a sheet of Mylarplastic which has been treated so as to chemically bond to an acrylamidegel (e.g., Gelbond™ PAG film, FMC Corporation). The IPG gel is typicallyformed as a rectangular plate 0.5 mm thick, 10 to 30 cm long (in thedirection of separation) and about 10 cm wide. Multiple samples can beapplied to such a gel in parallel lanes, with the attendant problem ofdiffusion of proteins between lanes producing cross contamination. Inthe case where it is important that all applied protein in a given laneis recovered in that lane (as is typically the case in 2-Delectrophoresis), it has proven necessary to split the gel into narrowstrips (typically 3 mm wide), each of which can then be run as aseparate gel. Since the protein of a sample is then confined to thevolume of the gel represented by the single strip, it will all berecovered in that strip. Isoelectric focusing separation of proteins inIPG techniques is extensively described in the art. The concept of theIPG is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,470 and is further described innumerous later publications.

Alternatively, a crystallization reactor comprising a polymerized IEFbuffer can be attached to a holder by linking reagents, such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,507.

The term “IEF buffer” as used herein, refers to a buffer comprisingcomponents that have a buffering capacity around a given pH value(buffering agent) or components that organize to form a pH gradient(e.g., ampholytes, Immobilines or a combination of buffering agents).

The IEF buffer according to the present invention may be in the form ofa viscous liquid or slurry or a gel such that a proteins can migrate inan electric field through the IEF buffer unless the pI of the protein isin the pH range of the IEF buffer. An IEF buffer according to thisinvention can comprise other components such as urea, detergent and areducing agent as needed. It is desirable that the IEF buffers accordingto this invention are functionally stable under the influence of anelectric field.

The term “viscous liquid” as used herein refers to a liquid or othermedia having an optimized viscosity, which facilitates diffusion ofmacromolecules within the viscous liquid with minimal, preferably withthe absence, of convective motion and minimal to null sedimentation.

The IEF buffer and crystallization reactors comprising same can beformed by hand or by various devices. For example, the IEF buffer can bedeposited (e.g., coated, printed or spotted) on the surface of asubstrate, and may be immobilized onto the surface, or deposited in agroove or channel of a substrate. The substrate can be a matrix, such asa membrane, or a bead made of the same material as the matrix.

The IEF buffer can be made by a device that mixes an acidic and basicsolution to form a buffer having the desired pH value (“titrator”). Forthe purpose of polymerization the buffer may be farther combined with amonomer (e.g., acrylamide) and a polymerizing agent and loaded intoanother device (e.g., a cavity) that lays the IEF buffer in a desiredposition.

According to one embodiment, anipholines used to generate the IEF bufferof the present invention are a set of various oligo-amino and/oroligocarboxylic acids that are amphoteric (i.e., positively charged inacidic media and negatively charged in basic media), soluble and have Mrvalues from approximately 300 up to 1000 u. Ampholytes used in thisinvention can be prepared or purchased. For example, several carrierampholytes are known in the art (e.g., pages 31-50, Righetti, P. G.,(1983) Isoelectric Focusing: Theory, Methodology and Applications, Eds.,Work and Burdon, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam; U.S. Pat.No. 3,485,736). Alternatively, purchased ampholytes include Ampholines(LKB), Servalytes (Serva), Biolytes or Pharmalytes (Amersham PharmaciaBiotech, Uppsala, Sweden).

Immobilines may also be used to generate the IEF solutions of thepresent invention. Immobilines are non-amphoteric, bifunctionalacrylamide derivatives of the general formula: CH2═CH—CO—NH—R.Immobilines that are useful according to the present invention can beprepared or purchased. Methods for synthesizing Immobilines are known inthe art, for example, Bjellquist et al., (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods,6: 317, 1983). The Immobilines can be copolymerized with the acrylamideto form crystallization reactors consisting of immobilized pH gradients.pH gradients according to the present invention can be formed by mixingamphoteric or non-amphoteric buffers. For example, such bufferscombinations are described in Allen, RC et al., Gel Electrophoresis andIsoelectric Focusing of Proteins: Selected Techniques, Berlin: Walter deGruyter & Co. (1984) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,612 (Bier). Some IEFbuffering agents include those are selected from the group consistingof: (1) 50 mM glycine, 14 mM NaOH; (2) 50 mM HEPES, 12 mM NaOH; (3) 50mM THMA, 44.6 mM HC1; (4) 52 mM citrate acid, 96 mM Na₂HPO₄; (5) 50 mMBICINE, 18 mM NaOH; and (6) 50 mM DMGA, 40 mM NaOH. The pH gradientcreated by the IEF buffer in each cell can have a narrow or a wide pHrange (e.g., pH 6.8-pH 7.8 or pH 6.8-pH 12.8, respectively).

The electric field used in the method of the invention and generated bythe power supply of the apparatus and method of the invention may me ofany voltage that the method and apparatus can tolerate, e.g. 100 to10000 volt, or 500 to 10000 volt, or 500 to 5000 volt, provided thegenerated heat can be dissipated throughout the compartment comprisingthe running buffer and can be regulated by proper cooling. The voltagebeing supplied can be DC or AC. Power supplies and electrodes that cansupply DC and AC currents are commercially available and known in theart.

According to one embodiment, the temperature of the running solution ismaintained within the range of 0-30° C., and the electric field isbetween 50 V/cm to 2000 V/cm.

According to yet another embodiment, the electric field is selected fromthe group consisting of: an alternating electric field, a directelectric field. If the crystallization reactor comprising the IEF bufferis closed so that the electrical current is preventing from exiting outthe opposite side of its entry into the crystallization reactor, then,according to one embodiment, the electric field is reversible. If thecrystallization reactor is open, then the electrical field can be eitherdirect, that is, unidirectional or alternating.

The terms “buffer” or “buffer solution” or “running buffer” areinterchangeably used to describe a solution comprising, on the one hand,either a weak acid (such a carbonic acid) together with one of the saltsof this acid or with at least one acid salt of a weak acid; or, on theother hand, a weak base (as ammonia) together with one of the salts ofthe base. Having these components, a buffer is capable of establishingthe pH of the solution in accordance with the concentration of each ofthe component. A buffer is further capable of maintaining theestablished pH even upon the addition of acids or bases due to itsresistance to change in hydrogen-ion concentration. The ability of agiven buffer to establish and maintain a pH is also termed a “bufferingcapacity”.

According to yet another embodiment, a solution of an isolatedessentially pure protein may be used in the present invention to obtainprotein crystals. Pure proteins may be obtained by any suitable proteinpurification method known in the art and include those described inDeutscher (Meth. Enzymology, 182:83-89, 1990) and in Scopes (ProteinPurification: Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1982).Protein purification includes isolation of a desired protein from otherbiological material, such as from cellular elements of cells transformedwith recombinant nucleic acids encoding the desired protein. Forexample, purification can be achieved by employing immunoaffinitychromatography, e.g., using antibodies that specifically bind to thedesired protein.

The terms “non-purified protein” and “not highly-purified protein” areinterchangeably used herein to describe a protein which has not beencompletely separated from components that are not part of its structureor components that do not accompany it in its natural state. Typically,a purified protein comprises about 60 to 90% W/W of the pure proteinwithin a protein sample, about 95%, and about 99%. The proteins used inthe present invention are not necessarily highly purified prior to theIEF procedure.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a method forresolving multiple proteins and rapidly crystallizing a selectedprotein, comprising:

-   -   (a) providing a solution comprising at least one biomolecule        species;    -   (b) resolving the solution by electrophoresis on a substrate,        thereby obtaining at least one band in the substrate        corresponding to at least one biomolecule species;    -   (c) separating a portion from the substrate, the portion        comprising the at least one band resolved in (b);    -   (d) providing at least one crystallization reactor comprising an        IEF buffer having a pH range, the pH range comprises the pI of        said at least one band;    -   (e) joining said at least one band to the at least one        crystallization reactor;    -   (f) introducing an electric field to the running buffer thereby        generating within said at least one crystallization reactor a        concentrated solution of the at least one biomolecule species        resolved in (b); and    -   (g) allowing said at least one biomolecule species in the        concentrated solution of (f) to crystallize within the at least        one crystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, According to yet anotherembodiment, step (e) further comprises depositing the joined at leastone band to the at least one crystallization reactor in running buffer.Preferably, the step (e) further comprises stirring of the runningbuffer. Advantageously, step (g) further comprises monitoring and/ordetecting the formation of a protein crystal.

Monitoring and detecting crystal formation may be achieved by any one ofthe following: a device for detecting the biomolecules of the sample incrystallization reactor; a device for receiving the data from thedetection device; and a device for processing the data received.According to one embodiment, a scanning microdensitometer detects,receives and processes the signal from the crystallization reactor.

One or more of the devices necessary for detecting the biomolecules ofthe sample in the crystallization reactor(s), receiving the data fromthe detection device, and processing the data received can be packagedinto a computer.

A detection device can be designed to project electromagnetic radiationthat is a spectrum of wavelengths, a plurality of wavelengths or onewavelength onto a lane simultaneously or sequentially. According to oneembodiment, the illuminating light source is monochromatic. For example,the detection device can be a custom made photometer that quickly,sequentially reads the absorption magnitude from each crystallizationreactor at a specific wavelength after a narrow spectrum of light isprojected onto each reactor. Alternatively, the detection device can bedesigned to read each reactor simultaneously and/or take readingsrelating to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from each reactor atseveral wavelengths.

Suitable detection devices, including, but not limited to, the nakedeye, spectrophotometric, chemiluminescent, photometric/densitometric,electrochemical or radiochemical detecting instruments depending onwhether the biomolecule is labeled and the type of label. The label canrequire other components to cause a reaction that produces a signal orto enhance the signal that is detectable according to the abovementionedmethods. A detailed discussion of suitable signal producing systems canbe found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,243. Details of techniques for attachinglabels are known in the art. See, for example, Matthews, et al., Anal.Biochem. (1985) 151: 205-209 and European Patent Application No.0302175.

According to yet another embodiment, the solution of step (b) isresolved by isoelectric focusing on a substrate, thereby obtaining atleast one band within the substrate corresponding to an isoelectricpoint of at least one biomolecule species.

According to yet another embodiment, the IEF buffer of step (d) has a pHrange of no more than 0.2 pH units, preferably no more than 0.1 pHunits, more preferably of no more than 0.02 pH units.

According to one embodiment, the methods of the present invention arecarried out such that the temperature of the running solution ismaintained within the range of 0-30° C. According to another embodiment,the temperature of the running solution is maintained within the rangeof 0-30° C., and the electric field is between 50 V/cm to 2000 V/cm.

According to yet another embodiment, the present invention provides aplurality of crystallization reactors wherein the temperature at eachcrystallization reactor is independent, preferably different, from thetemperature of any other crystallization reactor. Temperature is one ofthe parameters that may be modulated in order to optimize diffusion andcrystal growth in the method of the present invention.

Various commercially available temperature-controlled modules may beadapted for use in the context of the present invention. Exemplarysuitable modules are automated thermal cyclers designed for roboticPolymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs), which may be modified in order to fitthe requirements of the present invention. For example, the thermalcyclers of MJ Research (NJR, Waltham, Mass.; e.g. DNA Engine™, Dyad™,Mini-Cycler, PTC-100™, Tetrad™) feature Peltier heating and Alpha™modules, which are interchangeable heating blocks that allow users tochange sample format rapidly. Some of these cyclers feature Hot Bonnet™heated lids and can be used for a variety of sample formats includingmicrowell plates and even microscope slides. Another suitable system isthe Smart Cycler® instrument (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The system isbased on the company's I-CORE®0 technology-microfluidics-based,temperature-controlled modules that permit each sample to be subjectedto different experimental conditions. Stratagene's RoboCycler (La Jolla,Calif.) offers another suitable temperature controlled modulus. TheRoboCycler features four programmable blocks and offers a gradientfeature to simplify optimization. This cycler unique is that it employsa robotic arm to move samples from block to block, wherein thetemperatures in each block may be distinct.

A series of disclosures have dealt with various configurations ofopening (“sample wells”) used for loading macromolecules andmacromolecular-containing samples to the surfaces of gels, mostfrequently slab gels used for protein or nucleic acid separations. Ineach case, these sample wells are designed to concentrate macromoleculesin the sample into a thin starting zone prior to their migration throughthe resolving gel. The following references describe the use of devicesplaced against a gel to form wells: U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,292 describesthe use of pieces of compressible gasket to form well walls at the topof a slab where the ends of the pieces touch the top edge-of the slab.U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,065 describes a shark's tooth comb used incombination with DNA sequencing gels.

Apparatus for Rapid Crystallization

The present invention also provides apparatus for rapid crystallization.According to yet another embodiment the present invention provides anapparatus suitable for inducing rapid formation of protein crystals,comprising:

-   -   (a) at least one crystallization reactor, the at least one        crystallization reactor comprises an IEF buffer, the at least        one crystallization reactor is contained within the buffer        chamber;    -   (b) a device for generating an electrical field; and optionally,    -   (c) means for circulating fluids contained within the buffer        compartment.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a holderhaving an upper side and a lower side, the holder encompasses the atleast one crystallization reactor or adapted for supporting a substratecomprising the at least one crystallization reactor, said at least onecrystallization reactor comprises an IEF buffer, the holder is containedwithin the buffer chamber. According to another embodiment, the holderis deployed within the at least one buffer compartment. According to acertain embodiment, the holder is a capillary comprising at least onecrystallization reactor.

According to yet another embodiment, the apparatus further comprisingtwo salt bridges having two ends, one end of each salt bridge is incontact with one end of the holder and one end of each salt bridge iscontained within the at least one buffer chamber. Preferably, theapparatus comprising two buffer chambers, each buffer chamber, such thateach buffer chamber encloses one end of one salt bridge.

Typically, a salt bridge functions as an ionic conductor, and is usuallyarranged between at least one crystallization reactor comprising abiomolecule solution or element(s) containing thereof, such as a holderand/or a substrate, and the buffer within the buffer compartment.Examples of salt bridges suitable for the apparatus of the presentinvention include glass, ceramic material or plastic tubes filled withan ionic conductor that may be obtained by dissolving an electrolytesuch as potassium chloride or potassium nitrate in an agar.

According to another embodiment, the buffer compartment is adapted forholding a solution comprising a running buffer and at least onebiomolecule species dissolved within the running buffer.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder has at least one cavitywherein the at least one cavity is adapted for holding a crystallizationreactor comprising an IEF buffer and a polymer.

According to yet another embodiment, the holder comprises a plurality ofcavities, each cavity comprises a crystallization reactor comprising apolymer and an IEF buffer.

According to yet another embodiment, the pH ranges of the IEF bufferswithin the plurality of crystallization reactors do not overlap.

The holder comprising a plurality of crystallization reactors in theapparatus of the kind described may be arranged in any desiredconfiguration, for example either as a horizontal series ofcrystallization reactors arranged side by side and separated by thecustomary spacers or as a vertical series.

Referring now to FIG. 1 the apparatus of the invention comprises abuffer chamber containing a couple of electrodes, i.e. an anode and acathode, and running buffer. The apparatus further containscrystallization reactors comprising an immobilines buffer FIG. (1A),crystallization reactors within a capillary (FIG. 1B) or customized IPGstrip comprising a plurality of distinct and isolated pH bands (FIG.1C).

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, the apparatus of the invention comprisesa buffer compartment (1) enclosed within a buffer chamber (2), a holder(3), a plurality of cavities (4) comprising crystallization reactors (5)and electrodes (6).

According to one embodiment, the apparatus of the present inventioncomprises a plurality of crystallization reactors, each crystallizationreactor comprises an IEF buffer, optionally the IEF buffer ispolymerized. The pH upper and lower limits of the pH ranges created bythe plurality of the IEF buffers may be different or identical. Forexample, the IEF buffer in crystallization reactor #1 can have a pHrange starting at pH 6. 8 and ending at pH 7.8 and the IEF buffer incrystallization reactor #2 can have a pH range starting at pH 7.9 andending at pH 8. 9. Further, the pH steps between an IEF buffer incrystallization reactor #1 and crystallization reactor #2 can be ofdifferent or of identical pI units.

According to yet another embodiment, the pH range of the IEF buffer maybe wide, narrow or ultra-narrow, e.g., spanning 0.1 pH units or less,0.02 pH units or less, or 0.01 pH units or less.

According to yet another embodiment, the IEF procedure is conductedusing the apparatus of the invention wherein buffer compartmentcomprising the running buffer further comprises a holder encompassing aplurality of cavities containing a plurality of crystallization reactorscomprising IEF buffers. Using this setup, the plurality of cavities areisolated from each other by a physical separation that substantiallyprevents the movement of biomolecules directly from one crystallizationreactor to another rather than through the running buffer. Thus, thebiomolecules primarily move through the running buffer from onecrystallization reactor to another. In another embodiment, thecrystallization reactors encompass the same or different pH ranges. Inyet another embodiment, the present invention comprises a vast number ofdiscrete, isolated crystallization reactors having substantiallynon-overlapping pH ranges such that a plurality of distinct proteins canbe crystallized using a single setup. Moreover, using the apparatus,systems and methods of the present invention, wherein thecrystallization reactors encompassing IEF buffers having narrow,preferably ultra narrow, pH ranges, it is feasible to crystallize in asingle setup a plurality of distinct proteins having pI values that are0.02 pH or less units apart, due to the great resolution capability ofthe method of the invention, particularly in comparison to thetraditional IEF gel.

According to one configuration of the system, diffusion of biomoleculefrom one crystallization reactor into an adjoining crystallizationreactor is avoided, e.g., between crystallization reactors that compriseIEF buffers with slightly different pH ranges, by using the apparatus ofthe present invention provided that the holder that encompass thecrystallization reactors comprises a material that is impermeable tobiomolecules.

The following nomenclature is used for the components of the apparatusof the invention as they appear throughout the specification and in theclaims which follow: The terms “buffer chamber” or “running bufferchamber” may be used interchangeably, and denotes the container orreservoir which holds the buffer comprising the protein solution. Theterms “matrix” or “chip” or “array” or “holder” may be usedinterchangeably, and denote the element comprising the crystallizationreactor(s).

Applications of Rapid Crystallization

Rapid macromolecules crystallization is of great industrial value forstorage, drug design and drug delivery. There is also an industrial needfor preparation of large quantities of crystalline macromolecules. Nonof the crystallization process known in the art are suitable forindustrial-scale processing as there is always the risk that a crystalwill not grow and in the event that a crystal indeed begins to grow, thelong time that is requires to obtain a crystal of a desired size is notpractical.

The motivations for creating rapid and efficient techniques forlarge-scale macromolecule crystallization, and particularly proteincrystallization, are:

First, it is desirable to produce macromolecules in the crystallinestate that are pure. Such crystals constitute a particularlyadvantageous form of proteins or nucleic acids for dosage preparationsof therapeutics and vaccines. The present invention provides rapidmethods for crystallizing macromolecules. Large-scale crystallizationcan be introduced as a final purification step and/or concentration stepin clinical manufacturing processes, such as those for manufacturingtherapeutics and vaccines. Moreover, large-scale crystallization canreplace some of the purification steps in the manufacturing process. Forexample, protein crystallization can streamline the production ofprotein formulations making it more affordable.

Second, storage of macromolecule crystals is advantageous over storageof solutions, since macromolecular interactions which occur in solutionare prevented or severely reduced in the crystalline state, due toconsiderable reduction of all reaction rates. Thus, the crystallinestate is uniquely suited to the storage of mixtures of biologicalmacromolecules. Shelf life of crystals may be further extended byencapsulating the crystals within a matrix comprising a polymericcarrier to form a composition as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,606.The composition enhances preservation of the native biologically activetertiary structure of the proteins and creates a reservoir which canslowly release active protein where and when it is needed.

Third, solid crystalline preparations can be easily reconstituted togenerate ready to use parenteral formulations having very high proteinconcentration. Such protein concentrations are considered to beparticularly useful where the formulation is intended for subcutaneousadministration, see for example International Patent Publication No. WO97/04801. For subcutaneous administration, injection volumes of 1.5 mlor less are well tolerated. Thus, for proteins that are dosed at 1 mg/kgon a weekly basis a protein concentration of at least 50 mg/ml isrequired and 100-200 mg/ml is preferred. These concentrations aredifficult to achieve in liquid formulations, due to the aggregationproblems. They can easily be achieved using protein crystals that areobtained by the methods of the present invention.

Fourth, protein crystals also constitute a particularly advantageousform for pharmaceutical dosage preparation. The crystals may be used asa basis for slow release formulations in vivo. As those of skill in theart will appreciate, particle size is of importance for the dissolutionof crystals and release of activity. It is also known that the rate ofrelease is more predictable if the crystals have substantially uniformparticle size and do not contain amorphous precipitate, see for exampleEuropean Patent No. 265,214. Thus, protein crystals may beadvantageously used on implantable devices, see for exampleInternational Patent Publication No. WO 96/40049. Implant reservoirs aregenerally on the order of 25-250 μl. With this volume restriction, aformulation of high concentration (greater than 10%) and a minimumamount of suspension vehicle is preferred. Protein crystals obtained bythe method of the present invention may be easily formulated innon-aqueous suspensions in such high concentrations.

Fifth, another advantage of crystals is that certain variables can bemanipulated to modulate the release of macromolecules over time. Forexample, crystal size, shape, formulation with excipients that effectdissolution, crosslinking, level of crosslinking and encapsulation intoa polymer matrix can all be manipulated to produce delivery vehicles forbiological molecules.

The present invention provides the above-described needs. The followingadvantages of the method of the present invention makes it suitable forhigh throughput industrial crystallization of macromolecules:

-   1. Capability to grow crystals from small diluted, and not    necessarily purified, protein samples.-   2. A concentrated protein solution or a concentrated protein band is    created rapidly, within hours and even within a few minutes.-   3. The macromolecules that accumulate in the crystallization    reactors are uncharged or possess a very small charge, thus    electrostatic repulsion is negligible or absent.-   4. No sedimentation, convection or precipitation takes part during    the formation of the concentrated macromolecule solution or during    crystal formation.-   5. Crystal growth may be extremely fast, within the order of minutes    or hours.-   6. In-process purification of the protein sample during the    crystallization process, by the IEF element of the method excludes    impurities and possible contamination by other isoforms and thus the    method enables working with less purified protein samples, relative    to the existing crystallization methods.-   7. The option to apply the method of the invention using    crystallization reactors within a capillary is specifically suitable    for crystallography as there is no need to transfer the crystal from    the reactor to a different environment. Such transfer is risking the    crystal's structure and stability.

The forgoing advantages of the method of the present invention render itsuitable for simultaneous separation and crystallization of individualisoforms of a given protein.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides miniaturizedand automated apparatus and method for high throughput rapidmacromolecule crystallization. The apparatus of the present inventionmay be constructed to have automated interacting components, forexample, titrators for filling of cavities with pre-polymerizedcrystallization reactors comprising IEF buffers (Immobilines, ampholytesetc.), extractors for recovering protein crystals from the cavities orthe crystallization reactors, and devices for monitoring and recordingthe formation of protein crystals within the crystallization reactors.

Further stability of the crystals formed in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention may be achieved by any method knownin the art for this purpose. For example, the crystals may beencapsulated as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,606, or inserted into acapillary tube which is then sealed from the air using dental wax orsilicone grease, along with a small amount of crystallization bufferinside to maintain hydration (McPherson et al., ibid).

Optimization of the crystallization process according to the method andapparatus of the present invention may be obtained through a singleexperiment using several crystallization reactors with different gelconcentrations (pore diameter, diffusion constant) and various proteindilutions. Each crystallization reactor may be also exposed to adifferent temperature.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Crystallizing a Component of the p53 Protein

Three protein samples were supplied:

-   (a) p53 human DBD [pI (theoretical)=8.83]-   (b) β-transcription factor from C Elegans [pI(theoretical)=5.98]-   (c) human β-transcription factor -[pI(theoretical)=5.5]

All three samples were analyzed by an initial IEF on commercial IPGstrips pH 3-10 (Amersham) to determine the pH of the specific protein(FIG. 4). As can be seen in FIG. 4, each one of the three “purified”protein solutions was found to be composed of a large number ofdifferent protein bands.

For crystallization according to the method of the invention, a bandcorresponding to a certain pI of a specific protein was selected.Crystallization was carried out using a homemade IPG strip with pHvalues in the vicinity of the theoretical pI and an apparatus asschematically described in FIG. 4C. A few crystals were rapidly formed.The crystals were extracted from the IPG gel and the scattering patternobtained for the p53 sample was indeed characteristic of multi-crystalsample with 2.8 Angstrom resolution.

Example 2 Feasibility Demonstration of Crystallization of an IEFSeparated Protein by Using an IPG Zoom Strip

Since our crystallization technique requires only microgram quantitiesof proteins, separation by IEF can serve as a source of material toobtain crystals. Such an experiment was performed on one of the bandsseparated from the p53 sample as seen in FIG. 5.

The following procedure was employed: from the IPG strip we selected andcut out the band at pH˜9.6, for crystallization we chose to utilize thesystem presented in FIG. 4C. For that purpose a short IPG zoom strip wasprepared in the range of 9.5-9.75 in steps of 0.05. The strip wasprepared by standard density gradient method. The protein band cut outfrom the IEF experiment was glued on with polyacrylamide close to theedge of the IPG strip. The strip was placed on top of theelectrophoresis chamber shown in FIG. 4C. A standard IEF procedureresulted in focusing and crystallization of the separated fractiongenerating high quality crystals, as demonstrated in FIG. 6A. Adiffraction pattern demonstrating resolution of 2.4 Angstroms is shownin FIG. 6B.

Example 3 Myorlobin Crystallization

Horse Heart Myoglobin (75 μg) was dissolved in 1.5 ml of water andintroduced into the crystallization apparatus. This solution served asthe running buffer (pH=7.00) for the IEF procedure. Immobiline™ buffer(Amersham) was polymerized into 10% polyacrylamide gel cylindricalcavities of 1 mm diameter and 1 mm depth (pH=6.80). An IEF separationwas performed under the following conditions: 1200V, 30 min and distancebetween electrodes of 0.5 cm.

IEF was performed under intensive shaking of the apparatus, at 4° C., inorder to facilitate protein migration within the buffer solution. Anefficiency calibration which was conducted for the IEF procedure,indicated that the amount of protein, which was accumulated in the gelcavity, was about 50% of the total protein in the solution.

Inspection of the gel cavity under a microscope, revealed a highlydeveloped crystalline structure in the gel (FIG. 7A).

Example 4 Hemoglobin S Crystallization

A solution of Hemoglobin S (1 μg/ml in water; Sigma), pI=7.0, wasconcentrated by isoelectric focusing into a pH buffer (Immobiline™ in 4%polyacrylamide gel) having a pH range of 6.9-7.05. An electric field of1000V/cm was applied for 30 min under a temperature of 25° C. After 30min. a crystal, 400 μm long, was obtained (FIG. 7B).

Example 5 Phycocyanine Crystallization

A commercial Phycocyanin (1 μg; Sigma), having a pI of about 4.5 in asolution of 1 μg /ml, was subjected to IEF procedure in a pH buffer(Immobiline™ in 4% polyacrylamide gel) having a pH range of 4.4-4.6. Theisofocusing conditions were: 25° C., an electric field of 100 V/cm and30 min of experimental time. After 30 min. a crystal was obtained (FIG.8A).

Similarly, crystals of alcohol dehydrogenase (FIG. 8B) and glutamatedehydrogenase (GDH; FIG. 9A) were obtained.

Example 6 Crystallization of Acuaporin 3

Membrane proteins are generally regarded as most important proteins forstructure determination. Unfortunately, most standards methods forprotein crystallization fail to generate crystals of membrane proteins.The current example demonstrates the capability of the method ofinvention to allow crystallization of Aquaporin, which is one of themost important membrane proteins.

A solution of rat Aquaporin 3 (1 μg/ml; Alpha Diagnostic International)of pI=6.7 in a running buffer containing water and Ampholine™ (Amersham)was applied for the crystallization procedure. Concentration procedure,of the protein in pH gel cavities (4% polyacrylamide, pH 6.65-6.8), wasperformed by IEF using the following conditions: 40 min experimentaltime, 25° C. and 100 V/cm. The resulting crystal is presented in FIG.9B.

Example 7 Crystallization of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase

A solution of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase (1 μg/ml; Sigma), having a pI of5.95, was concentrated by IEF into a pH gel compartment (cavities; 4%polyacrylanide) with a pH of 5.8-6.0. The concentration procedure took40 minutes at 25° C. and under an electric field of 100 V/cm. After 40min. a crystal was obtained (FIG. 10).

Example 8 Crystallization of Pepsin 4 Creatine Kinase 1, Beta-humanGrowth Factor, Avidin, Herceptin, Ly1 Lysozyme, Ribonuclease-1 andProstaglandin

Protein crystallization of pepsin-4, creatine kinase (CK), beta-humangrowth factor (βhGF), avidin, herceptin, Ly1 lysozyme, ribonuclease-1(RNAse-1) and prostaglandin was performed as detailed in Table 1. Theresulting crystals and/or diffraction fraction of the crystallizedprotein are represented in FIGS. 11-15. TABLE 1 Electric Crystal fieldformation Protein pI Content of reactor (V/cm) time (h) Pepsin 1.0 4%PAAG¹ 1000 2 Water CK 6.57 6% PAAG 1000 3 Glutamic acid-Tris (1 mM)β-hGF 4.5 4% PAAG 1000 2 Glutamic acid-HEPES (1 mM) avidin 10.0 6% PAAG500 4 0.1%% carrier ampholytes (pH 8-11) Herceptin 9.4 4% PAAG 500 40.1%% carrier ampholytes (pH 8-11) Ly1 10.7 6% PAAG 1000 2 0.1%% carrierampholytes (pH 8-11) RNAse-1 7.8 4% PAAG 500 7 Glutamic acid-HEPES (1mM) prostaglandin 4.6 6% PAAG 1000 10 Glutamic acid-HEPES (1 mM)¹polyacrylamide gel

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fullyreveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applyingcurrent knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applicationssuch specific embodiments without undue experimentation and withoutdeparting from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations andmodifications should and are intended to be comprehended within themeaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is tobe understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is forthe purpose of description and not of limitation. The means, materials,and steps for carrying out various disclosed functions may take avariety of alternative forms without departing from the invention.

1-87. (canceled)
 88. A method for rapid crystallization of biomolecules,comprising: (a) providing at least one biomolecule species; (b)providing at least one crystallization reactor comprising an isoelectricfocusing buffer having a pH range, the pH range encompassing the pI ofthe at least one biomolecule species; (c) bringing said at least onebiomolecule species into contact with the at least one crystallizationreactor; (d) introducing an electric field at said at least onecrystallization reactor thereby generating a concentrated solution ofsaid at least one biomolecule species; and (e) obtaining at least onecrystal within said at least one crystallization reactor.
 89. The methodaccording to claim 88, wherein step (c) further comprises depositing theat least one crystallization reactor and the at least one biomoleculespecies in running buffer.
 90. The method according to claim 88, whereinstep (e) further comprises extracting a biomolecule crystal from said atleast one crystallization reactor.
 91. The method according to claim 88,wherein the crystallization occurs within less than 12 hours.
 92. Themethod according to claim 88, wherein the at least one biomoleculespecies is selected from the group consisting of: peptides, proteins,polypeptides, enzymes, antibodies, protein-DNA complexes, proteincomplexes comprising chemical entities, polynucleotides, DNA, RNA,antigens, antigenic epitopes and variants thereof, hormones,carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids and biotinylated probes.
 93. Themethod according to claim 92, wherein the biomolecule species is aprotein.
 94. The method according to claim 93, wherein the protein isrecombinant.
 95. The method according to claim 88, wherein the at leastone biomolecule species in step (a) is immobilized onto a substrate. 96.The method according to claim 88, wherein the at least onecrystallization reactor is provided within a capillary.
 97. The methodaccording to claim 88, wherein the at least one crystallization reactoris linked, joined, or substantially contiguous to a solid substrate. 98.The method according to claim 88, wherein the isoelectric focusingbuffer further comprises a polymer.
 99. The method according to claim98, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: linearpolymers, branched polymers, polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogels,cellulose, modified cellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol,cross-linked polyethylene oxide and glycol polymer.
 100. The methodaccording to claim 88, wherein the isoelectric focusing buffer has a pHrange of no more than 0.2 pH units.
 101. The method according to claim88, wherein in step (b) a plurality of crystallization reactors isprovided, each crystallization reactor comprising an isoelectricfocusing buffer.
 102. The method according to claim 101, wherein adistinct protein species being crystallized in each crystallizationreactor.
 103. The method according to claim 101, wherein the isoelectricfocusing buffers in the plurality of crystallization reactors aredifferent from one another.
 104. The method according to claim 101,wherein the crystallization reactors are isolated from one another. 105.The method according to claim 101, wherein the plurality ofcrystallization reactors are linked, joined, or substantially contiguousto a substrate.
 106. The method according to claim 88, wherein thecrystallization reactor is selected from the group consisting of:immobilized pH gradient strips, pH membranes and pre-cast gels.
 107. Themethod according to claim 88, further comprising prior to step (a) thestep of sorting a solution comprising at least one biomolecule species.108. A method for sorting a solution comprising a plurality ofbiomolecules and rapidly crystallizing at least one biomolecule species,comprising: (a) providing a medium comprising a plurality ofbiomolecules; (b) sorting the plurality of biomolecules on a substrate,thereby obtaining at least one locus on the substrate comprising atleast one biomolecule species; (c) recovering a portion from saidsubstrate, the portion comprising the at least one locus; (d) providingat least one crystallization reactor comprising an isoelectric focusingbuffer having a pH range, the pH range encompassing the pI of the atleast biomolecule; (e) bringing the portion of (c) into contact with theat least one crystallization reactor; (f) introducing an electric fieldat the at least one crystallization reactor thereby generating withinsaid at least one crystallization reactor a concentrated solution ofsaid at least one biomolecule species; and (g) obtaining at least onecrystal within said at least one crystallization reactor of (f). 109.The method according to claim 108, wherein step (b) is carried out by amethod selected from the group consisting of: isoelectric focusing, thinlayer chromatography, including High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) techniques, and gel electrophoresis.
 110. The method according toclaim 109, wherein the method is performed under non-denaturingconditions.
 111. The method according to claim 108, wherein sorting instep (b) is by the mass of the at least one biomolecule species. 112.The method according to claim 108, wherein step (e) further comprisesdepositing said portion and the at least one crystallization reactor inrunning buffer.
 113. The method according to claims 108, wherein the atleast one biomolecule species is a protein.
 114. The method according toclaim 108, wherein the crystals are obtained within less than 12 hours.115. The method according to claim 108, wherein the isoelectric focusingbuffer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of:polyacrylamide, agarose, hydrogels, cellulose, nitrocellulose, modifiedcellulose, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked polyethyleneoxide and glycol polymer.
 116. The method according to claim 108,wherein the substrate in step (b) is a gel.
 117. The method according toclaim 108, wherein in step (d) a plurality of crystallization reactorscomprising a plurality of isoelectric focusing buffers is provided, eachisoelectric focusing buffer establishing a pH range, wherein at leastone isoelectric focusing buffer establishes a pH range encompassing thepI of the at least biomolecule.
 118. The method according to claim 117,wherein each isoelectric focusing buffer comprises a polymer.
 119. Themethod according to claim 117, wherein the plurality of crystallizationreactors are isolated from one another.
 120. The method according toclaim 117, wherein the plurality of crystallization reactors are linked,joined, or substantially contiguous to a substrate.
 121. The methodaccording to claim 108, wherein the crystallization reactor is selectedfrom the group consisting of: immobilized pH gradient strips, pHmembranes and pre-cast gels.
 122. An apparatus suitable for inducingrapid formation of biomolecule crystals, comprising: (a) a bufferchamber having an upper side and a lower side, the lower side beingsealed with a bottom such that the buffer chamber encloses at least onebuffer compartment capable of holding fluids; (b) at least onecrystallization reactor, the at least one crystallization reactorcomprises an isoelectric focusing buffer, the at least onecrystallization reactor is contained within the buffer chamber; (c) adevice for generating an electrical field; and, optionally, (d) meansfor circulating fluids contained within the at least one buffercompartment.
 123. The apparatus according to claim 122, whereincomponent (b) is a holder having two ends, an upper side and a lowerside, the holder encompasses at least one crystallization reactor, theat least one crystallization reactor comprises an isoelectric focusingbuffer, the holder is contained within the buffer compartment.
 124. Theapparatus according to claim 122, further comprising two salt bridgeshaving two ends, one end of each salt bridge is in contact with one endof the holder and one end of each salt bridge is contained within the atleast one buffer chamber.
 125. The apparatus according to claim 124,comprising two buffer chambers, each buffer chamber encloses one end ofone salt bridge.
 126. The apparatus according to claim 122, furthercomprising a temperature-controlled module enabling to manage thetemperature at the at least one crystallization reactor.
 127. Theapparatus according to claim 122, wherein component (b) comprising aholder adapted for supporting a substrate comprising at least onecrystallization reactor.
 128. The apparatus according to claim 127,wherein the holder is a capillary adapted for comprising at least onecrystallization reactor.
 129. The apparatus according to claim 127,wherein the holder encompasses at least one cavity wherein the at leastone cavity is adapted for containing a crystallization reactor.
 130. Theapparatus according to claim 129, wherein the crystallization reactor isselected from the group consisting of: immobilized pH gradient strips,pH membranes and pre-cast gels.
 131. The apparatus according to claim122, wherein the buffer chamber comprises a non-conductive material.132. The apparatus according to claim 127, wherein the holder comprisesa material having a larger resistance than that of the polymer comprisedwithin the crystallization reactor.
 133. The apparatus according toclaim 131, wherein the non-conductive material is selected from thegroup consisting of: poly-N-methyl methacrylamide, acrylic, lucite,polystyrene, ceramic, glass and poly-methyl-methacrylate.
 134. Theapparatus according to claim 127, wherein the holder comprises amaterial that is impermeable to biomolecules.
 135. The apparatusaccording to claim 122, wherein the device for generating an electricalfield comprises a plurality of electrodes.
 136. The apparatus accordingto claim 135, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises a metalselected from the group consisting of: platinum, titanium, chromium,gold, tantalum, palladium, palladium oxide, germanium, nickel andrhodium or alloys comprising same.
 137. The apparatus according to claim122, wherein the device for generating an electrical field supplies DCor AC currents.
 138. The apparatus according to claim 122, wherein thebuffer compartment is adapted for holding a solution comprising runningbuffer and at least one biomolecule dissolved with the running buffer.139. The apparatus according to claim 122, further being automated. 140.The apparatus according to claim 122, wherein the biomolecule isselected from the group consisting of: peptides, proteins, polypeptides,enzymes, antibodies, protein-DNA complexes, protein complexes comprisingchemical entities, polynucleotides, DNA, RNA, antigens, antigenicepitopes and variants thereof, hormones, carbohydrates, lipids,phospholipids and biotinylated probes.
 141. The apparatus according toclaim 140, wherein the biomolecule is a protein.
 142. The apparatus ofclaim 122, wherein crystallization occurs within less than 12 hours.